Ключ – пара файлов: закрытый хранится у тебя, открытый лежит на сервере. В отличие от пароля, ключ практически невозможно подобрать перебором, а при входе ничего вводить не нужно.
Путь – нажми Enter. Закрытый ключ ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 никому не давай, открытый ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub пойдёт на сервер.
Passphrase – пароль на сам ключ, задай его: украденный файл без него бесполезен. Чтобы не вводить его каждый раз: ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.
Ключ на сервер – вместо IP подставь IP сервера из карточки (Мои серверы → сервер). Команда один раз спросит пароль root:
ssh-copy-id root@IP
Нет ssh-copy-id – выведи ключ командой cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub и добавь его вручную, как в разделе ниже.
Ключ – в PowerShell, OpenSSH встроен в Windows 10/11:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "lumi-vps"
На вопрос о пути нажми Enter. Ключи лягут в C:\Users\Имя\.ssh\: id_ed25519 закрытый, id_ed25519.pub открытый.
Строка ключа – выведи её и добавь на сервер вручную, как в разделе ниже:
type $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ed25519.pub
PuTTY – ключ создаёт PuTTYgen: тип EdDSA (Ed25519), Generate, затем Save private key (файл .ppk). Строку из поля вверху окна добавь на сервер вручную, а файл .ppk укажи в PuTTY: Connection → SSH → Auth → Credentials → Private key file.
Когда вход по ключу работает, пароль можно выключить: перебирать станет нечего.
Сначала проверь вход по ключу. Выключишь пароль раньше – потеряешь доступ к серверу. Если так вышло, зайди через Консоль в карточке сервера, она есть не у всех серверов.
Настройки SSH – открой на сервере:
nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Запрет пароля – найди строку PasswordAuthentication, убери # в начале, если он есть, и приведи к виду:
PasswordAuthentication no
Сохрани: Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X. Загляни и в /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/: строка PasswordAuthentication yes в файлах оттуда перебивает основной файл, поменяй её на no.
Перезапуск SSH – текущее соединение не оборвётся:
systemctl restart ssh
На AlmaLinux, Rocky и CentOS служба называется sshd. Итог проверь командой sshd -T | grep -i passwordauthentication: должно быть passwordauthentication no. Прежде чем закрыть соединение, проверь вход по ключу во втором окне.
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Если задал passphrase, спросят её: это пароль от ключа на твоём компьютере, а не от сервера.`}),`\n`,_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`отключение-пароля`,children:`Отключение пароля`}),`\n`,_jsx(_components.p,{children:`Когда вход по ключу работает, пароль можно выключить: перебирать станет нечего.`}),`\n`,_jsx(Warning,{children:_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`Сначала проверь вход по ключу. Выключишь пароль раньше – потеряешь доступ к серверу. Если так вышло, зайди через `,_jsx(_components.strong,{children:`Консоль`}),` в карточке сервера, она есть не у всех серверов.`]})}),`\n`,_jsxs(_components.ol,{children:[`\n`,_jsxs(_components.li,{children:[`\n`,_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.strong,{children:`Настройки SSH`}),` – открой на сервере:`]}),`\n`,_jsx(CodeBlock,{filename:``,numberOfLines:`1`,language:`shellscript`,children:_jsx(_components.pre,{className:`shiki shiki-themes github-light-default dark-plus`,style:{backgroundColor:`#ffffff`,\"--shiki-dark-bg\":`#0B0C0E`,color:`#1f2328`,\"--shiki-dark\":`#D4D4D4`},language:`shellscript`,children:_jsxs(_components.code,{language:`shellscript`,numberOfLines:`1`,children:[_jsxs(_components.span,{className:`line`,children:[_jsx(_components.span,{style:{color:`#953800`,\"--shiki-dark\":`#DCDCAA`},children:`nano`}),_jsx(_components.span,{style:{color:`#0A3069`,\"--shiki-dark\":`#CE9178`},children:` /etc/ssh/sshd_config`})]}),`\n`]})})}),`\n`]}),`\n`,_jsxs(_components.li,{children:[`\n`,_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.strong,{children:`Запрет пароля`}),` – найди строку `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`PasswordAuthentication`}),`, убери `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`#`}),` в начале, если он есть, и приведи к виду:`]}),`\n`,_jsx(CodeBlock,{filename:``,numberOfLines:`2`,language:`text`,children:_jsx(_components.pre,{className:`shiki shiki-themes github-light-default dark-plus`,style:{backgroundColor:`#ffffff`,\"--shiki-dark-bg\":`#0B0C0E`,color:`#1f2328`,\"--shiki-dark\":`#D4D4D4`},language:`text`,children:_jsxs(_components.code,{language:`text`,numberOfLines:`2`,children:[_jsx(_components.span,{className:`line`,children:_jsx(_components.span,{children:`PasswordAuthentication no`})}),`\n`,_jsx(_components.span,{className:`line`,children:_jsx(_components.span,{})})]})})}),`\n`,_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`Сохрани: `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`Ctrl+O`}),`, Enter, `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`Ctrl+X`}),`. 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Итог проверь командой `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`sshd -T | grep -i passwordauthentication`}),`: должно быть `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`passwordauthentication no`}),`. Прежде чем закрыть соединение, проверь вход по ключу во `,_jsx(_components.strong,{children:`втором`}),` окне.`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`Дальше: `,_jsx(_components.a,{href:`/vps/hardening`,children:`Защита сервера`}),`, `,_jsx(_components.a,{href:`/vps/firewall`,children:`Файрвол`}),`.`]})]})}function MDXContent(props={}){const{wrapper:MDXLayout}={..._provideComponents(),...props.components};return MDXLayout?_jsx(MDXLayout,{...props,children:_jsx(_createMdxContent,{...props})}):_createMdxContent(props)}return{default:MDXContent};function _missingMdxReference(id,component){throw new Error(`Expected `+(component?`component`:`object`)+\" `\"+id+\"` to be defined: you likely forgot to import, pass, or provide it.\")}","frontmatter":{},"scope":{"codeStyling":"system","config":{},"pageMetadata":{"title":"SSH-ключи","sidebarTitle":"SSH-ключи","description":"Вход по ключу вместо 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